Slot Aereo

A landing slot, takeoff slot, or airport slot is a permission granted by the owner of an airport designated as Level 3 (Coordinated Airport), which allows the grantee to schedule a landing or departure at that airport during a specific time period.^[1] Slots may be administered by the operator of the airport or by a government aviation regulator such as the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration.^[2]

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Landing slots are allocated in accordance with guidelines set down by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Worldwide Airport Slots Group. All airports worldwide are categorized as either Level 1 (Non-Coordinated Airport), Level 2 (Schedules Facilitated Airport), or Level 3 (Coordinated Airport). At Level 2 airports, the principles governing slot allocation are less stringent; airlines periodically submit proposed schedules to the administrating authority, rather than historic performance. Participation is not mandatory, but reduces congestion and non-participants are penalized if the airport must later be designated level 3.^[2]

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As of summer 2017, a total of 123 airports in the world are Level 2 airports, and 177 are Level 3 airports.^[3]

Allocated landing slots may have a commercial value and can be traded between airlines. Continental Airlines paid US$209 million for four pairs of landing slots from GB Airways at London Heathrow Airport, $52.3m each.^[4] The highest price paid for a pair of take-off and landing slots at Heathrow Airport was $75m, paid by Oman Air to Air France–KLM for a prized early morning arrival, reported in February 2016. A year before, American Airlines paid $60m to Scandinavian Airlines.^[5]

As supply is limited, slot trading became the main solution to enter Heathrow and transfers grew from 42 in 2000 to 526 in 2012 and over 10 years the average priced slot was equivalent to £4 per passenger.^[7]

If an airline does not use an allocation of slots (typically 80% usage over six months), it can lose the rights. Airlines may operate ghost or empty flights to preserve slot allocations.^[8] To avoid pollution and financial losses caused by an excessive number of empty flights, these rules have occasionally been waived during periods of temporary but widespread travel disruption, including after the September 11, 2001 attacks, and during the SARS epidemic, the Great Recession, and the COVID-19 pandemic.^[9]

Level 3 coordinated airports^[3][edit]

Australia[edit]

Austria[edit]

• Innsbruck Airport (winter season only)

Belgium[edit]

Brazil[edit]

Cambodia[edit]

Canada[edit]

Cape Verde[edit]

Colombia[edit]

Cuba[edit]

China[edit]

Czech Republic[edit]

Denmark[edit]

Finland[edit]

France[edit]

Germany[edit]

Ghana[edit]

• Kotoka International Airport - Accra

Greece[edit]

• Chania Airport (summer season only)
• Chios Airport (summer season only)
• Corfu Airport (summer season only)
• Heraklion Airport (summer season only)
• Kalamata Airport (summer season only)
• Karpathos Island National Airport (summer season only)
• Kavala Airport (summer season only)
• Kephalonia International Airport (summer season only)
• Kithira Airport (summer season only)
• Kos Airport (summer season only)
• Mykonos Airport (summer season only)
• Mytilene Airport (summer season only)
• Patras Airport (summer season only)
• Preveza Airport (summer season only)
• Rhodes Airport (summer season only)
• Samos Airport (summer season only)
• Sitia Public Airport (summer season only)
• Skiathos Airport (summer season only)
• Thira Airport (summer season only)
• Volos Airport (summer season only)
• Zakynthos International Airport (summer season only)

Greenland[edit]

Hong Kong[edit]

Iceland[edit]

India[edit]

• Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport - Mumbai
• Indira Gandhi International Airport - Delhi
• Chennai International Airport - Chennai
• Rajiv Gandhi International Airport - Hyderabad
• Kempegowda International Airport - Bangalore

Indonesia[edit]

• Ngurah Rai International Airport - Denpasar
• Soekarno-Hatta International Airport - Jakarta

Ireland[edit]

Israel[edit]

Italy[edit]

• Lampedusa Airport (summer season only)
• Linate Airport - Milan
• Malpensa Airport - Milan
• Orio al Serio Airport - Milan
• Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport (summer season only)
• Pantelleria Airport (summer season only)
• Ciampino Airport - Rome
• Fiumicino Airport - Rome

Japan[edit]

Malaysia[edit]

Mauritius[edit]

• Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport - Mauritius

Mexico[edit]

Morocco[edit]

Netherlands[edit]

New Zealand[edit]

Norway[edit]

Pakistan[edit]

Philippines[edit]

Poland[edit]

Portugal[edit]

• Faro Airport (summer season only)

Russia[edit]

• Sheremetyevo Airport - Moscow
• Vnukovo International Airport - Moscow

Saudi Arabia[edit]

Singapore[edit]

South Africa[edit]

• King Shaka International Airport - Durban
• OR Tambo International Airport - Johannesburg

South Korea[edit]

Spain[edit]

• Ibiza Airport (summer season only)
• Menorca Airport (summer season only)

Sri Lanka[edit]

Sweden[edit]

Switzerland[edit]

Taiwan[edit]

Thailand[edit]

• Suvarnabhumi Airport - Bangkok
• Don Mueang International Airport - Bangkok

Tunisia[edit]

Turkey[edit]

• Antalya Airport - Antalya (summer season only)

Ukraine[edit]

• Boryspil International Airport - Kiev

United Arab Emirates[edit]

United Kingdom[edit]

United States[edit]

• John F. Kennedy International Airport - New York City
• LaGuardia Airport (not on IATA list, but slot controlled)^[10]
• Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport - Washington, D.C. (not on IATA list, but slot controlled)^[10]

Vietnam[edit]

• Noi Bai International Airport - Hanoi
• Tan Son Nhat International Airport - Ho Chi Minh City

References[edit]

1. ^'Worldwide Slot Guidelines, 9th Edition English Version'(PDF). IATA. 1 January 2019. p. 14.
2. ^ ^abSlot Administration - U.S. Level 2 Airports
3. ^ ^ab'List of all Level 2 and Level 3 airports'. iata.org. 29 May 2018.
4. ^'Continental pays Heathrow record'. Financial Times. March 3, 2008.
5. ^'Oman breaks Heathrow record with deal for slots'. The Sunday Times. 14 February 2016.
6. ^'Heathrow Airport's slot machine: hitting the jackpot again?'. CAPA centre for aviation. 8 May 2013.
7. ^'Heathrow Airport: An introduction to Secondary Slot Trading'(PDF). Airport Coordination Limited. 30 September 2012. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 March 2016.
8. ^Green anger at 'ghost flights'
9. ^Paul Sillers (12 March 2020). 'Ghost flights: Why our skies are full of empty planes'.
10. ^ ^ab'Airport Reservation Office'. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).

TRIP Linhas Aéreas S/A (formerly Transporte Aéreo Regional do Interior Paulista) was a domestic regional airline based in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil.^[1]

According to the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil (ANAC) between January and December 2012 Trip had 4.47% of the domestic market share in terms of passengers per kilometre flown.^[2]

History[edit]

The airline was established in 1998 with two Embraer EMB 120 Brasilias and was wholly owned by the Caprioli Group until November 2006, when Águia Branca Group (Chieppe family) bought 49% of its capital.

On January 25, 2007 TRIP Linhas Aéreas has placed an order for seven new ATR 72-500s with options for a further five of the twin turboprops, this deal is its first new ATR order, and the first for the ATR 72-500 in Brazil. The Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127-powered aircraft will be configured with 68 seats. With this growth the company expect have more than 500 employees by 2010. As of January 2007, the company has 500 employees.

On November 13, 2007 TRIP Linhas Aéreas and Total Linhas Aéreas agreed to merge, a transaction which was completed on May 2008. The brand Trip is dedicated to passenger service whereas Total is dedicated to charter and cargo services.

On September 4, 2008, it was announced that SkyWest Airlines agreed to purchase up to 20% of the shares of TRIP Linhas Aéreas. The purchase was done in 3 installments and was completed by 2010.^[3] In early May 2012 TRIP bought back the shares.^[4]

On August 20, 2010, with the bankruptcy of Flex Linhas Aéreas, Trip took over its services provided to Aerodrome Flight Information Service (AFIS), and Meteorology Service (MET) and Airport Information Service (AIS) on several airports in Brazil through the Flex Communication Center (FCC). FCC serves, among others: TAM Airlines, VRG Linhas Aéreas (operator of Gol and Varig brands), VarigLog, Avianca Brazil, NHT Linhas Aéreas, and Embraer.^[5][6]

In order to optimize the use of its aircraft, TRIP announced on July 27, 2011 the creation of TRIP Cargo, the cargo division of TRIP Linhas Aéreas. On a first moment, TRIP Cargo will only use the cargo compartment of its aircraft operating scheduled passenger flights. However, as soon as demand justifies, TRIP cargo will start using ATR-72s for pure cargo flights during the night, when not operating passenger flights. The conversion of the aircraft can be done in 15 minutes.^[7]

Slot Area

On September 9, 2011 TRIP Linhas Aéreas placed an order for 18 new ATR 72-600s with options for further 22. Nine of the 18 aircraft will be purchased directly from ATR with the remaining to be leased from Air Lease Corporation and GE Capital Aviation Services. With the entry into service of the 18 firm ATR 72-600s, TRIP Linhas Aéreas will become the largest ATR operator in the world, with a fleet of 51 ATRs. The new aircraft will be configured for 68 passengers.^[8]

On March 30, 2011, TAM Airlines signed a letter of intentions to purchase up to 31% of the shares of TRIP Linhas Aéreas. Both airlines maintain code-share agreements since 2004.^[9] A final decision had however been postponed,^[10] and finally in February 2012 the purchase agreement was not renewed. Code-sharing operations ended on March 28, 2013.^[11]

On May 28, 2012, it was announced that Azul Brazilian Airlines purchased TRIP creating the holding Azul Trip. During the year 2012 the brands will co-exist operating in integrated form but eventually, upon government approval, they will merge, maintaining the name Azul.^[4][12][13]

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On a press release dated of September 7, 2012, (the Brazilian Independence Day), Azul and Trip officially announced some visible characteristics of the merger:^[14]

• The letter U of Azul will be written in a lighter shade of blue, recalling that previously the same happened with the letter I of Trip. Moreover, U stands for Union;
• The expression Brazilian Airlines will not be used anymore;
• Both airlines will carry the signature Azul e Trip: juntas pelo Brasil (Azul and Trip: together for Brazil) in their aircraft;
• All Trip aircraft will be baptized and will still carry a silver shade in their metal;
• One Embraer and one ATR of TRIP will always bear the original TRIP colours, and one Embraer 195 will bear hybrid colour scheme with base silver colours symbolizing the union of both airlines.

Azul and Trip started comprehensive code-sharing operations on December 2, 2012,^[15] and all flights carry now only the IATA code of Azul. However already on October 1, 2012 Trip started operating flights on behalf of Azul. On March 6, 2013 Brazilian authorities gave the final approval for the merger with a few restrictions related to code-sharing with TAM Airlines and slot use at Rio de Janeiro-Santos Dumont Airport.^[16] On May 6, 2014 the merger process was completed with the final approval from Brazilian authorities. That day the brand TRIP ceased to exist.^[17]

Destinations[edit]

Fleet[edit]

As of December 2012 the fleet of Trip Linhas Aéreas included the following aircraft:^[18]

Slot Area Formula

Airline affinity program[edit]

Tudo Azul is Trips's Frequent Flyer Program. It is based on amounts spent and not on flown miles. Members earn 5% of the ticket value on their accounts, which later can be redeemed as a ticket discounts. It is valid also for Azul Brazilian Airlines flights.

Slot Airport

References[edit]

1. ^'CONTRATO DE TRANSPORTE AÉREO DE PASSAGEIROS 'TRIP'Archived 2010-07-21 at the Wayback Machine.' TRIP Linhas Aéreas. Retrieved on July 5, 2010. 'TRIP LINHAS AÉREAS, sociedade com sede na Av. Brasil, n.1394, Jardim Guanabara, no Município de Campinas, Estado de São Paulo...'
2. ^'Dados Comparativos Avançados' (in Portuguese). Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil (ANAC). Retrieved January 21, 2013.
3. ^Osse, José Sérgio (4 September 2008). 'Trip vende participação para SkyWest para sustentar crescimento' (in Portuguese). O Globo. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
4. ^ ^ab'Tire suas dúvidas sobre a fusão entre Azul e Trip' (in Portuguese). Panrotas. May 28, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2012.
5. ^Website of Flex Communication Center (FCC)Archived 2009-03-17 at the Wayback Machine
6. ^Niemeyer, Felipe (20 August 2010). 'Falência da Flex, Rio Sul e Nordeste: Trip deve assumir' (in Portuguese). Panrotas. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
7. ^Komatsu, Alberto (28 July 2011). 'TRIP cria divisão de carga para ampliar presença em mercado de R$1,6 bi' (in Portuguese). Valor Online. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
8. ^[1]
9. ^Westphalen, Ana Luísa (March 30, 2011). 'TAM negocia com TRIP e pode ter participação de 31% na aérea regional' (in Portuguese). Valor Online. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
10. ^Komatsu, Alberto (November 21, 2011). 'TAM reforça gestão do mercado interno' (in Portuguese). Valor Econômico. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
11. ^'TAM cancela acordo de compartilhamento com a Trip' (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo. April 2, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
12. ^'Azul e Trip anunciam fusão' (in Portuguese). Folha.com. May 28, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2012.
13. ^Reigada, Maria Izabel (August 31, 2012). 'Caprioli anuncia fim da marca trip na fusão com Azul' (in Portuguese). Panrotas. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
14. ^'Azul e Trip anunciam a nova marca' (in Portuguese). Azul Linhas Aéreas. September 7, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
15. ^'Acordo de codeshare entre Azul e Trip leva cliente a 100 destinos' (in Portuguese). Brasilturis. September 20, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
16. ^Teixeira Alves, Danilo (March 6, 2013). 'Cade aprova fusão da Azul e Trip com condições' (in Portuguese). Panrotas. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
17. ^'Ata da reunião realizada em 6 de maio de 2014'(PDF) (in Portuguese). ANAC. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
18. ^'Frota atual das empresas brasileiras' (in Portuguese). Aeromuseu. December 31, 2011. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2012.

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External links[edit]

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